Prácticas alimentarias de familias afrodescendientes con niños en primera infancia en el oriente de Cali / Food practices of afro-descendant families with kids in early childhood living in eastern Cali / Práticas alimentares de famílias afrodescendentes com crianças em primeira infância no oriente de Cali

Resumen Objetivo: describir las prácticas alimentarias de 50 familias afrodescendientes con niños y/o niñas de primera infancia que asisten a un Centro de Desarrollo Infantil (CDI) en el Oriente de Cali. Materiales y métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo y de corte transversal. Se aplicó un cuestionario a 50 cuidadores de niños o niñas que asistieron al CDI Potrero Grande del oriente de Cali. El cuestionario fue estructurado con preguntas de múltiple elección con base en tres ejes de la seguridad alimentaria: acceso, consumo e inocuidad; adicionalmente un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos. Resultados: 70 % se autorreconoció como afrodescendiente, 63 % procedía principalmente de la costa del sur occidente colombiano, con nivel educativo básico. El 87,5 % se dedicaba exclusivamente al hogar. En el 85 % de los hogares la madre es la encargada de preparar los alimentos, el aporte de proteína animal del 70 % de los hogares, proviene principalmente del huevo cuyo consumo fue diario, el 94 % de las madres expresaron que sus familias nunca consumieron brócoli, coliflor, alverja verde, espinacas, ullucos, repollo y el 95 % de las personas refirieron que se lavan las manos antes de preparar los alimentos. Conclusiones: la dieta no es variada y se basa en alimentos fuentes de carbohidratos principalmente el arroz, papa y los plátanos verdes y maduros, que se consumen cocidos y fritos, al igual que los alimentos fuentes de proteína. El análisis de la ingesta sugiere que no se consumen alimentos característicos del lugar de procedencia como los pescados y/o mariscos.

Abstract Objective: To describe the eating practices of 50 Afro-descendant families with early childhood kids who attend a Child Development Center -CDC- in eastern Cali. Materials and methods: Quantitative, descriptive, and crosssectional study. A questionnaire was applied to 50 caregivers of children who attended the CDI Potrero Grande in eastern Cali. The questionnaire was structured with multiple choice questions based on three axes of food security: access, consumption and safety. Additionally, a food consumption frequency questionnaire was applied. Results: Seventy percent of the participants self-recognized as Afro-descendant, 63% came mainly from the southwestern coast of Colombia with a basic educational level, and 87.5% were dedicated exclusively to the home. The mother was in charge of preparing the food in 85% of the homes. Animal protein contribution of 70% of the homes comes mainly from eggs with daily consumption. A total of 94% of the mothers expressed that their families never consumed broccoli, cauliflower, green peas, spinach, manioc or cabbage and 95% of the people reported that they washed their hands before preparing food. Conclusions: The diet is not varied and is based on carbohydrate source food mainly rice, potatoes and green and ripe bananas which are consumed boiled and fried, as well as protein sources. The analysis of the intake suggests that characteristic foods of the place of origin such as fish and/ or shellfish are not consumed.

Resumo Objetivo: descrever as práticas alimentares de 50 famílias afrodescendentes com meninos e/ou meninas de primeira infância que vão a um Centro de Desenvolvimento Infantil (CDI) no Oriente de Cali. Materiais e métodos: estudo quantitativo, descritivo e de corte transversal. Se fez um questionário a 50 cuidadores de meninos ou meninas que foram ao CDI Potrero Grande do oriente de Cali. O questionário foi estruturado com preguntas de múltiplo eleição com base em três eixos da segurança alimentar: aceso, consumo e inocuidade; adicionalmente um questionário de frequência de consumo de alimentos. Resultados: 70 % se auto reconheceu como afrodescendente, 63 % procedia principalmente do litoral do sudoeste colombiano, com nível educativo básico. O 87,5 % se dedicava exclusivamente ao lar. No 85 % dos lares a mãe é a encarregada de preparar os alimentos, a proteína animal do 70 % dos lares, provem principalmente do ovo cujo consumo foi diário, o 94 % das mães disseram que suas famílias nunca comeram brócolis, couve-flor, ervilhas, espinafre, ullucos, repolho e o 95 % das pessoas disseram que se lavam as mãos antes de preparar os alimentos. Conclusões: a dieta não é variada e baseada em alimentos fontes de carboidratos principalmente o arroz, batata e os plâtanos verdes e maduros, que se consumem cozidos e fritos, ao igual que os alimentos fontes de proteína. A análise da ingesta sugere que não se consumem alimentos característicos do lugar de procedência como os pescados e/ou mariscos.

Development and implementation of a water-safety plan for drinking-water supply system of Cali, Colombia.

The water-safety plan (WSP) approach integrates risk assessment and management practices into a drinking-water supply system (DWSS), ensuring water quality from the catchment to the consumer. This research was oriented toward the development and implementation of a WSP in the DWSS for the city of Santiago de Cali, Colombia. We adapted the methodological stages of the WSP established by the World Health Organization: (i.) assemble a WSP team, (ii.) describe the existing DWSS, (iii.) identify hazards and hazardous events, (iv.) evaluate risks, and (v.) plan risk management. In this methodological structure, we propose the use of different risk assessment tools at each step of DWSS, which can be implemented in water systems of different sizes. The results of our study allowed the identification of hazardous events that may compromise the effectiveness of the WSP: Of the 103 events found, 16 were related to the catchment, 40 to treatment processes, 27 to the distribution system, and 9 to consumers, while the remaining 11 were associated with organizational, planning, contingency, and emergency factors. We found that the most critical components of the DWSS are the distribution system and the consumers, with 29.6% and 33.3% of the hazardous events classified as at a very high risk level, respectively. Clearly, improvement and support programs for the WSP were needed to optimize existing control measures and corrective actions and to evaluate new ones to reduce risk levels. The treatment processes and distribution system steps were shown as the main barriers of the DWSS mainly they are under governance of water company, unlike the catchment and consumers which presented higher levels of risk because in these steps the water company has less control and influence. Our research confirms that the WSP is an important tool for decision-making by water-service companies-improving their administrative, financial, organizational, and operational management. It also shows that it is essential that their senior management and other stakeholders be part of the WSP team at each stage of implementation of the DWSS.

Field assessment of bacterial communities and total trihalomethanes: Implications for drinking water networks.

Operation and maintenance (O&M) of drinking water distribution networks (DWDNs) in tropical countries simultaneously face the control of acute and chronic risks due to the presence of microorganisms and disinfection by-products, respectively. In this study, results from a detailed field characterization of microbiological, chemical and infrastructural parameters of a tropical-climate DWDN are presented. Water physicochemical parameters and the characteristics of the network were assessed to evaluate the relationship between abiotic and microbiological factors and their association with the presence of total trihalomethanes (TTHMs). Illumina sequencing of the bacterial 16s rRNA gene revealed significant differences in the composition of biofilm and planktonic communities. The highly diverse biofilm communities showed the presence of methylotrophic bacteria, which suggest the presence of methyl radicals such as THMs within this habitat. Microbiological parameters correlated with water age, pH, temperature and free residual chlorine. The results from this study are necessary to increase the awareness of O&M practices in DWDNs required to reduce biofilm formation and maintain appropriate microbiological and chemical water quality, in relation to biofilm detachment and DBP formation.